Marc Andreessen co-created Mosaic, the first widely-used web browser, and later founded Netscape. After selling Netscape to AOL, he co-founded Andreessen Horowitz in 2009, becoming a dominant force in venture capital funding for technology startups. His firm has invested in companies like Airbnb, Instagram, and Slack.
110 Books Recommended by Marc Andreessen
Ranked by popularity across all reading lists on this site

The 4-Hour Workweek
27 people recommendedrecommended 2x[The author] basically takes all of the time management and personal productivity theories of the last 20 to 30 years and pushes them to 11, to paraphrase 'Spinal Tap.'
[The author] basically takes all of the time management and personal productivity theories of the last 20 to 30 years and pushes them to 11, to paraphrase 'Spinal Tap.'
Also recommended by: Eric Jorgenson, Ev Williams, Tim Draper, Aj Jacobs, Blake Mycoskie, Caterina Fake, Charles Poliquin, Brian Dean, Daniel Pink, David Heinemeier Hansson, Derek Sivers, Eric Weinstein, Gary Keller, Jason Silva, Jodie Cook, Laura R Walker, Lewis Howes, Marc Goodman, Mark Bell, Maurice Ashley, Michael Hyatt, Mike Maples Jr, Mike Shinoda, Rolf Potts, Tristan Harris, Walter Isaacson

The Hard Thing About Hard Things
26 people recommendedrecommended 2xLetβs just say, we started out relationship with vigorous disagreement, and weβve continued that to this day.
Letβs just say, we started out relationship with vigorous disagreement, and weβve continued that to this day.
Also recommended by: Ankur Warikoo, Balaji Srinivasan, Mark Zuckerberg, Michael Dell, Larry Page, Peter Thiel, Drew Houston, Dustin Moskovitz, Balaji S. Srinivasan, Andrew Ng, Andrew Wilkinson, Blake Scholl, Chris Dixon, Fred Wilson, Jodie Cook, Kathryn Minshew, Keith Rabois, Luis Von Ahn, Marty Cagan, Matt Mullenweg, Max Levchin, Peter Attia, Raoul Pal, Tim Ferriss, Vijay Shekhar Sharma

Zero to One
24 people recommendedrecommended 2xThe first book any working or aspiring entrepreneur must readβperiod.
The first book any working or aspiring entrepreneur must readβperiod.
Also recommended by: Elon Musk, Eric Jorgenson, Mark Zuckerberg, Dustin Moskovitz, Kishore Biyani, Rupert Murdoch, Sam Altman, Andrew Ng, Ben Horowitz, Bryan Johnson, Brian Dean, Chris Dixon, Eric Weinstein, Keith Rabois, Lee Stranahan, Luis Von Ahn, Matt Mullenweg, Max Levchin, Nassim Taleb, Patrick Oshaughnessy, Ryan Petersen, Tom Bilyeu, Derek Sivers

Thinking, Fast and Slow
20 people recommendedCaptivating dive into human decision making, marred by inclusion of several/many? psychology studies that fail to replicate. Will stand as a cautionary tale?
Also recommended by: Ankur Warikoo, Naval Ravikant, Bill Gates, Ev Williams, Ray Dalio, Ron Conway, Sam Altman, Ben Greenfield, Bryan Johnson, Derek Sivers, Jason Fried, Jay Shetty, Mark Manson, Michiko Kakutani, Nassim Taleb, Preston Pysh, Sahil Lavingia, Scott Adams, Stewart Brand
Really critical to understanding how this industry works.
Really critical to understanding how this industry works.
Also recommended by: Mark Cuban, Jeff Bezos, Steve Jobs, Drew Houston, Ev Williams, Marc Benioff, Michael Bloomberg, Aaron Levie, Ben Horowitz, Bill Gurley, Caterina Fake, Blake Scholl, Chris Dixon, Guy Kawasaki, Max Levchin, Steve Blank, Tim Oreilly

The Lean Startup
16 people recommendedrecommended 2x[The author] has created a science where previously there was only art. A must read for every serious entrepreneurβand every manager interested in innovation.
[The author] has created a science where previously there was only art. A must read for every serious entrepreneurβand every manager interested in innovation.
Also recommended by: Mark Cuban, Dustin Moskovitz, Kevin Systrom, Sheryl Sandberg, Andrew Ng, Ben Horowitz, Chris Dixon, Patrick Bet David, Jason Calacanis, Marty Cagan, Mike Maples Jr, Raoul Pal, Steve Blank, Tim Oreilly, Derek Sivers

Poor Charlie’s Almanack
15 people recommendedrecommended 2xTremendous.
Tremendous.
Also recommended by: Naval Ravikant, Bill Gates, Warren Buffett, Daniel Ek, Drew Houston, John Collison, Patrick Collison, Courtland Allen, Patrick Bet David, Ramit Sethi, Shane Parrish, Tai Lopez, Tim Ferriss, Derek Sivers
An incredible window into what itβs like to be in a founderβs shoes, and the difficult work of growing a company.
An incredible window into what itβs like to be in a founderβs shoes, and the difficult work of growing a company.
Also recommended by: Bill Gates, Eric Schmidt, Howard Schultz, Jamie Dimon, Marc Benioff, Ray Dalio, Richard Branson, Sheryl Sandberg, Adam Grant, Malcolm Gladwell, Matthew Mcconaughey, Satya Nadella, Walter Isaacson

High Output Management
13 people recommendedrecommended 2xThe best book on management ever written.
The best book on management ever written.
Also recommended by: Mark Zuckerberg, Larry Ellison, Brian Armstrong, Brian Chesky, Drew Houston, John Doerr, Ron Conway, Tobi Lutke, Ben Horowitz, Justin Kan, Keith Rabois, Sahil Lavingia

The Rational Optimist
11 people recommendedrecommended 2xSparkling explanation of how the economy evolves, producing the glorious cornucopia of goods and services available all around us. How to feel good about the future even in dark times.
Sparkling explanation of how the economy evolves, producing the glorious cornucopia of goods and services available all around us. How to feel good about the future even in dark times.
Also recommended by: Naval Ravikant, Mark Zuckerberg, Bill Gates, John Arnold, Rupert Murdoch, Bill Gurley, Anthony Pompliano, Jordan Peterson, Mr Money Mustache, Nick Szabo

Skin in the Game
11 people recommendedrecommended 2xSkin in the game as conflict of interest, or as attaching one's livelihood to one's speech? Who to listen to, and why.
Skin in the game as conflict of interest, or as attaching one's livelihood to one's speech? Who to listen to, and why.
Also recommended by: Ankur Warikoo, Naval Ravikant, Changpeng Zhao, Vinod Khosla, Ben Horowitz, Chris Dixon, Keith Rabois, Peter Mallouk, Ryan Shea, Derek Sivers

A Guide to the Good Life
10 people recommendedrecommended 2xBest (?) walk through the ancient/current philosophy of Stoicism. You can't control other people but you can control yourself, so do that.
Best (?) walk through the ancient/current philosophy of Stoicism. You can't control other people but you can control yourself, so do that.
Also recommended by: Ankur Warikoo, Tobi Lutke, Austen Allred, David Heinemeier Hansson, Derek Sivers, Jason Fried, Jodie Cook, Mr Money Mustache, Phil Libin

Thinking in Bets
10 people recommendedrecommended 2xCompact guide to probabilistic domains like poker, or venture capital.
Compact guide to probabilistic domains like poker, or venture capital.
Also recommended by: Howard Marks, Danny Miranda, Jason Fried, Mark Manson, Max Levchin, Michael Mauboussin, Mike Maples Jr, Seth Godin, Derek Sivers

The Courage to Be Disliked
9 people recommendedrecommended 2xSmash hit in Japan, and easy to see why. Adlerian psychology meets Stoic philosophy in Socratic dialogue. Compelling from front to back. Highly recommend.
Smash hit in Japan, and easy to see why. Adlerian psychology meets Stoic philosophy in Socratic dialogue. Compelling from front to back. Highly recommend.
Also recommended by: Ankur Warikoo, Stewart Butterfield, Tobi Lutke, Ali Abdaal, Anthony Pompliano, Jodie Cook, Ryan Hoover, Derek Sivers

Only the Paranoid Survive
9 people recommendedrecommended 2xOne of my favorite topics. And so that is also a very good book [I] recommend.
One of my favorite topics. And so that is also a very good book [I] recommend.
Also recommended by: Balaji Srinivasan, Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, Jamie Dimon, Vinod Khosla, Balaji S. Srinivasan, Ben Horowitz, Charlie Munger

12 Rules for Life
8 people recommendedrecommended 2xA bracing disassembly and reconstruction of a theory of individual progress in the modern world.
A bracing disassembly and reconstruction of a theory of individual progress in the modern world.
Also recommended by: Naval Ravikant, Ben Greenfield, Dominic Dagostino, George Raveling, Jocko Willink, Pewdiepie, Derek Sivers

Becoming Steve Jobs
8 people recommendedrecommended 2xIn this deeply-researched book, you'll find the most honest portrait of the real Steve Jobs.
In this deeply-researched book, you'll find the most honest portrait of the real Steve Jobs.
Also recommended by: Bill Gates, Brian Armstrong, Jack Dorsey, Ed Catmull, Jim Collins, Keith Rabois, Peter Attia

The True Believer
8 people recommendedA brilliant book on the nature of mass movements and collective psychology.
Also recommended by: Mark Cuban, Patrick Bet David, Eric Weinstein, George Raveling, Mark Manson, Patrick Oshaughnessy, Seth Godin
Anytime anybody feels mopey about what's happening in their startup or in their life, this is the book to read to reset all the expectations.
Anytime anybody feels mopey about what's happening in their startup or in their life, this is the book to read to reset all the expectations.
Also recommended by: Anthony Pompliano, Austen Allred, Jodie Cook, Joe Rogan, Justin Kan, Tom Bilyeu

Extreme Ownership
7 people recommendedrecommended 2xI hand out more copies of this book than any other. How to take responsibility for yourself and for those around you. Modern Stoicism, as applied in the military, business, and life.
I hand out more copies of this book than any other. How to take responsibility for yourself and for those around you. Modern Stoicism, as applied in the military, business, and life.
Also recommended by: Alexis Ohanian, Casey Neistat, Danny Miranda, Michael Mauboussin, Tim Ferriss, Tom Bilyeu

The Network State
7 people recommendedrecommended 2x[The author] has the highest rate of output per minute of good new ideas of anybody Iβve ever met, and [this book] may be his best.
[The author] has the highest rate of output per minute of good new ideas of anybody Iβve ever met, and [this book] may be his best.
Also recommended by: Naval Ravikant, Balaji Srinivasan, Brian Armstrong, Vitalik Buterin, Balaji S. Srinivasan, Anthony Pompliano
Robert Sapolsky's magnum opus on human behavior.
Robert Sapolsky's magnum opus on human behavior.
Also recommended by: Vinod Khosla, Bryan Johnson, Keith Rabois, Michael Mauboussin, Sam Harris
Startling walk through a series of domains where peak human performance is rising at remarkable rates due to "flow state". Thought provoking and then some.
Startling walk through a series of domains where peak human performance is rising at remarkable rates due to "flow state". Thought provoking and then some.
Also recommended by: Adam Fisher, Adam Robinson, Chase Jarvis, Jason Silva, Jim Kwik

Born Standing Up
6 people recommendedrecommended 2xNothing about his career was an accident, which I thought was fascinating.
Nothing about his career was an accident, which I thought was fascinating.
Also recommended by: Adam Savage, Bill Nye, Jason Calacanis, Sahil Lavingia, Derek Sivers

The Rise and Fall of American Growth
6 people recommendedrecommended 2xI disagree with the book, but it's a very well written book.
I disagree with the book, but it's a very well written book.
Also recommended by: Bill Gates, Patrick Collison, Stewart Butterfield, Ben Carlson, Satya Nadella

Who We Are and How We Got Here
6 people recommendedrecommended 2xMarc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Also recommended by: Naval Ravikant, Balaji Srinivasan, Balaji S. Srinivasan, Michael Mauboussin, Nassim Taleb

Who Is Michael Ovitz?
5 people recommendedrecommended 2xLearn how to build an empire and transform an industry from the Jedi master of modern Hollywood.
Learn how to build an empire and transform an industry from the Jedi master of modern Hollywood.
Also recommended by: Gary Vaynerchuk, Ben Horowitz, Jason Calacanis, Keith Rabois
My partner Ben Horowitz has a new book!
My partner Ben Horowitz has a new book!
Also recommended by: Vinod Khosla, Brad Feld, Brianne Kimmel, Marty Cagan
On why even environmentalists should be pro building, pro cities, pro nuclear, and pro genetic engineering.
On why even environmentalists should be pro building, pro cities, pro nuclear, and pro genetic engineering.
Also recommended by: Jack Dorsey, Patrick Collison, Matt Ridley, Steven Pinker
Without Their Permission
5 people recommendedrecommended 2xSoftware is eating the world and [this book] is your ultimate cookbook.
Software is eating the world and [this book] is your ultimate cookbook.
Also recommended by: Eric Jorgenson, Derek Sivers, Garry Tan, Tony Hsieh
Provides exercises for how to decide.
Provides exercises for how to decide.
Also recommended by: Adam Robinson, Adam Grant, Michael Mauboussin, Seth Godin

Conspiracy
4 people recommendedStartlingly deep cultural history of conspiracies, examined through the lens of the brutally effective Gawker takedown, with full access to the main players.
Also recommended by: Brian Koppelman, Raoul Pal, Steven Pressfield
What's it like to train with a Navy SEAL in winter in New York for a whole month? Featuring the truly remarkable American hero David Goggins.
What's it like to train with a Navy SEAL in winter in New York for a whole month? Featuring the truly remarkable American hero David Goggins.
Also recommended by: Sara Blakely, Cory Booker, Lebron James
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Also recommended by: Ben Shapiro, Brad Delong, Christopher Hitchens
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Also recommended by: Jordan Peterson, Lex Fridman, Pewdiepie

Private Truths, Public Lies
3 people recommendedThe book that's had the biggest impact on me.
Also recommended by: Balaji Srinivasan, Balaji S. Srinivasan
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Also recommended by: Anthony Bourdain, Ryan Holiday
The astonishing story of the Litvinenko and Perepilichnyy assassinations in the UK; reads like a Lee Child thriller; plenty topical now.
The astonishing story of the Litvinenko and Perepilichnyy assassinations in the UK; reads like a Lee Child thriller; plenty topical now.
Also recommended by: Garry Kasparov, Joe Hill

Expert Political Judgment
3 people recommendedrecommended 2xIs the future knowable, and by whom? All pundits and commentators should publish their prediction track records, yet don't.
Is the future knowable, and by whom? All pundits and commentators should publish their prediction track records, yet don't.
Also recommended by: Patrick Collison, Michael Mauboussin
Best (?) book so far on the Democratic side of the 2016 race, most provocatively on the impact of the press coverage of the email hacks on the last stages of the race.
Best (?) book so far on the Democratic side of the 2016 race, most provocatively on the impact of the press coverage of the email hacks on the last stages of the race.
Also recommended by: Larry King, Peter Attia
The story of technology is a story of human ingenuity, and nowhere is this more clear than in the story of textiles.
The story of technology is a story of human ingenuity, and nowhere is this more clear than in the story of textiles.
Also recommended by: Brianne Kimmel, Matt Ridley
An unrelenting picture of optimism that's a roadmap for solving our country's biggest problems.
An unrelenting picture of optimism that's a roadmap for solving our country's biggest problems.
Also recommended by: Mike Rowe, Ryan Holiday

Technological Revolutions and Financial Capital
3 people recommendedrecommended 2xDescribes a general model for the deployment of new technologies.
Describes a general model for the deployment of new technologies.
Also recommended by: Balaji Srinivasan, Balaji S. Srinivasan
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Also recommended by: Ezra Klein, Sean Carroll

History Has Begun
3 people recommendedrecommended 2xOn the country and culture the United States is evolving into, not necessarily decline, but something very different.
On the country and culture the United States is evolving into, not necessarily decline, but something very different.
Also recommended by: Balaji Srinivasan, Balaji S. Srinivasan

Hitler
3 people recommendedMarc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Also recommended by: Brandon Stanton, Christopher Hitchens
Wide-ranging meditation on how to think about the reality that we're probably wrong about most things we believe. Hard to read and not emerge humbled.
Wide-ranging meditation on how to think about the reality that we're probably wrong about most things we believe. Hard to read and not emerge humbled.
Also recommended by: Bryan Johnson
A great biography of Edison.
A great biography of Edison.
Also recommended by: David Friedberg

Edison
2 people recommendedrecommended 2xOn perhaps the greatest American builder of all, the builder who brought electricity to us all, Thomas Edison.
On perhaps the greatest American builder of all, the builder who brought electricity to us all, Thomas Edison.
Also recommended by: Ryan Holiday

Lone Survivor
2 people recommendedThe film was fine but the book is unreal; incredibly vivid story of superlative American heroes.
Also recommended by: Larry Ellison

Triumph of the City
2 people recommendedHow cities drive the development of civilization, by putting people together. Highly relevant to the future of the Internet!
Also recommended by: Stewart Brand
On why we can't build in great American cities like San Francisco today and what we need to do about it.
On why we can't build in great American cities like San Francisco today and what we need to do about it.
Also recommended by: Tyler Cowen
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Also recommended by: Ryan Shea
One of the craziest books I've ever read; highly recommend.
One of the craziest books I've ever read; highly recommend.
Also recommended by: Edgar Wright

The Spanish Civil War
2 people recommendedMarc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Also recommended by: Noah Smith
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Also recommended by: Fareed Zakaria
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Also recommended by: Douglas Murray
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Also recommended by: Ben Horowitz
The definitive work on intellectual life under totalitarianism.
Also recommended by: Christopher Hitchens
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Also recommended by: Charles Koch
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Also recommended by: Keith Rabois
True, chilling saga of straight up, profoundly deep treason and betrayal. Sociopaths in high positions of power and influence. Hair curling.
True, chilling saga of straight up, profoundly deep treason and betrayal. Sociopaths in high positions of power and influence. Hair curling.
One of the best books [of 2019].
One of the best books [of 2019].
On how four great builders of the 19th century built the world we live in today.
On how four great builders of the 19th century built the world we live in today.
'Billions'-esque saga of global financial market manipulation, at mind-boggling scale and hiding in plain sight, by a small cabal of bankers in London.
'Billions'-esque saga of global financial market manipulation, at mind-boggling scale and hiding in plain sight, by a small cabal of bankers in London.
It'll keep you up late at night.
It'll keep you up late at night.
The founding and growth of military contractor Blackwater as told by its founder and CEO; newly relevant due to the Mueller investigation.
The founding and growth of military contractor Blackwater as told by its founder and CEO; newly relevant due to the Mueller investigation.
One perspective on the politics of immgiration in Europe, playing out in real time, e.g. Merkel almost getting deposed days ago. Confusing on multiple levels from US perspective.
One perspective on the politics of immgiration in Europe, playing out in real time, e.g. Merkel almost getting deposed days ago. Confusing on multiple levels from US perspective.

The Power of Productivity
On how technology-driven productivity growth improves human welfare and creates more jobs and higher wages.
Written in 1685. [...] Some things never change!
Written in 1685. [...] Some things never change!
Best (?) book so far on the Republican side of the 2016 race, and a deep dive into the intellectual origins of Bannonism and to some extent Trumpism.
Best (?) book so far on the Republican side of the 2016 race, and a deep dive into the intellectual origins of Bannonism and to some extent Trumpism.
'Wall Street'-esque battle between Bill Ackman and Carl Icahn over unlikely target Herbalife. Sip a delicious Herbal Aloe Shake while reading.
'Wall Street'-esque battle between Bill Ackman and Carl Icahn over unlikely target Herbalife. Sip a delicious Herbal Aloe Shake while reading.
Amazing. And, basically, the biographer makes the case that Peanuts was the longest, continuous work of American art ever made.
Amazing. And, basically, the biographer makes the case that Peanuts was the longest, continuous work of American art ever made.
Inside story of how Britain decided to exit the EU. Economic self-destruction or national liberation? Repercussions to play out for decades.
Inside story of how Britain decided to exit the EU. Economic self-destruction or national liberation? Repercussions to play out for decades.
Spellbinding creative and business history of the incredibly imaginative comic book industry in the decades before it ate Hollywood.
Spellbinding creative and business history of the incredibly imaginative comic book industry in the decades before it ate Hollywood.
On how economic systems that encourage aggressive entrepreneurship build the most for the benefit of the most.
On how economic systems that encourage aggressive entrepreneurship build the most for the benefit of the most.

Hacks
recommended 2xVisceral, raw, you-are-there recounting of living through the hack attacks and resulting meltdown of the DNC in 2016.
Visceral, raw, you-are-there recounting of living through the hack attacks and resulting meltdown of the DNC in 2016.
How 1960s racial politics descended into 1970s terrorist bombings, thanks to privileged college students breaking very bad.
How 1960s racial politics descended into 1970s terrorist bombings, thanks to privileged college students breaking very bad.
On the bus/in the plane with the Hillary campaign. Revealing in many dimensions at once, and highly entertaining. Best book on the 2016 campaign so far?
On the bus/in the plane with the Hillary campaign. Revealing in many dimensions at once, and highly entertaining. Best book on the 2016 campaign so far?

A Higher Loyalty
recommended 2xCertainly the story is well known, but given author's propensity to post photos of himself wearing running shoes in Iowa, potentially relevant again starting next year?
Certainly the story is well known, but given author's propensity to post photos of himself wearing running shoes in Iowa, potentially relevant again starting next year?
If you want to read what's it's like to work for someone harsh, read [this book]. He makes all of today's entrepreneurs look like cream puffs.
If you want to read what's it's like to work for someone harsh, read [this book]. He makes all of today's entrepreneurs look like cream puffs.
A great articulation of how the news business actually grew up in the US.
A great articulation of how the news business actually grew up in the US.
The single best book I have found on who we are and how we got here.
The single best book I have found on who we are and how we got here.
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.

The Machiavellians
recommended 2xTogether [with 'The Managerial Revolution'], the best explanation for the current structure of our society and politics.
Together [with 'The Managerial Revolution'], the best explanation for the current structure of our society and politics.
Together [with 'The Machiavellians'], the best explanation for the current structure of our society and politics.
Together [with 'The Machiavellians'], the best explanation for the current structure of our society and politics.
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
On the French Revolution.
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.

The Power of the Powerless
recommended 2xThe definitive work on practical life under totalitarianism.
The definitive work on practical life under totalitarianism.


A sobering reexamination of how democratic governments actually make decisions.
A sobering reexamination of how democratic governments actually make decisions.
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.

Alexandre Kojève
recommended 2xMarc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
Marc Andreessen recommended this book on Twitter.
